Intervals represent the time period corresponding to 1 bar on a chart. Examples of interval time periods are 15 minutes, 1 trading day, 4 weeks, etc. You can choose from preset intervals or create custom intervals.

To choose an interval, select the arrows next to Interval at the bottom of the chart widget. You can select and customize any of the following intervals:

• Tick
• Range
• Seconds
• Minute
• Hour
• Day
• Week
• Month
• Year

The x-axis is the horizontal scale on your chart that helps you see how trading data is spread out over time. You can zoom in and out with your mouse or trackpad, or select from the preset times in the lower left of the chart.

To show extended hours on the x-axis of a chart, click the 3 vertical dots at the top-right corner of your chart widget. Then click Settings > Data > Show extended hours.

The y-axis shows how the price of an asset moves up and down over time, and can be customized to show additional data points. Right-click the y-axis to open a menu with the following options:

• Auto-scale price axis: Automatically fit data points onto the y-axis of your chart
• Fit all indicators: View all indicator data points on the y-axis
• Fit all orders: View your orders on the y-axis
• Fit all positions: View your positions on the y-axis

You can also adjust the y-axis scaling to display the value as any of the following:

• Linear (price): prices are positioned equally far away from one another
• Linear (percent):displays percentages, not price values. The chart represents OHLC (open, high, low, close) prices as the percentage change, where 0% corresponds to the starting price of the first candle visible on the chart.
• Logarithmic (price): shows distances between values based on their proportional logarithms as opposed to being spaced evenly. For example: the distance between 1.2 and 2.4 prices is equal to the distance between 0.5 and 1.0. In both cases the second value is twice as big as the first one, so the growth is equal to 100%. This means that both prices will be shown equally far away from one another on the scale.

A candle chart shows an asset's price over time using colored rectangles called candles. Each candle has a body (the rectangle)and wicks (the lines extending up and down).

The candles are colored based on whether the closing price is higher or lower than the opening price.

• Closing price > opening price: bull (green by default)
• Closing price < opening price: bear (red by default)

The top of the upper wick marks the highest price during the time period, while the bottom of the lower wick shows the lowest price. The upper and lower edges of the candle body represent the opening and closing prices.

A bar chart shows the opening, high, low, and closing prices for an asset.

Each bar has a vertical line, with a left-facing "foot" for the opening price and a right-facing "foot" for the closing price. The bottom tip of the line shows the lowest price, while the top tip shows the highest price. The opening foot marks the starting price, and the closing foot marks the ending price for that time period.

A bar is colored based on whether the current closing price is greater or lower than the previous close.

• Current closing > previous closing: the bar is "up-colored" (green by default)
• Current closing < previous closing: the bar is "down-colored" (red by default)

A line chart connects the consecutive closing prices on a chart, showing how the price changes over time. It doesn't display the open, high, or low values.

The lines are colored depending on whether the current closing price is lower or higher than the previous.

• If the last close price in the frame is higher than the first close price in the frame, the line is green
• If the last close price in the frame is lower than the first close price in the frame, the line is red

An area chart shows the closing prices over time using a color-filled area between the current closing price and zero, helping you see trends over time.

Equivolume charts are like candle charts, but use rectangles called equivolume boxes. The width of each box represents the trading volume during the time period (think more trading volume for wider boxes), and the height shows the price range. The top of the box marks the highest price, and the bottom marks the lowest price.

The body of each box is colored depending on whether the closing price is greater or lower than the opening price of the current interval period.

• Closing price > opening price: bull (green by default)
• Closing price < opening price: bear (red by default)

Heikin-Ashi is a Japanese term meaning average bar. This is a type of candlestick chart that shows the open, high, low, and closing prices for each period. However, these candlesticks are calculated using averages to smooth out price data. This can make it easier to identify trends and spot when those trends might be reversing.

Here’s how each Heikin-Ashi candle is calculated:

• Open: The average of the previous candle's opening and closing prices.
• Close: The average of the current period's opening, high, low, and closing prices.
• High: The highest value from the current period's high, opening, or closing prices.
• Low: The lowest value from the current period's low, opening, or closing prices.

The body of each box is colored depending on whether the closing price is greater or lower than the opening price of the current interval period.

• Closing price > opening price: bull (green by default)
• Closing price < opening price: bear (red by default)

Scatter charts display the closing prices of assets as individual dots scattered across the chart. They’re similar to line charts, but without the connecting line between the dots. Scatter charts make it easier to see each closing price on its own. They can help traders spot correlations between prices or identify outliers in the data.

Hollow candles display the difference between the closing price and the opening price of the current candle. They also measure the closing price of the previous day against the closing price of the current day.

The candle is colored based on whether the current close is higher than the previous close.

• Current closing > previous closing: green
• Current closing < previous closing: red

The candle is filled in based on whether the current close is higher than the current open.

• Current closing > current opening: hollow
• Current closing < current opening: filled

A baseline chart shows the price movements of an asset in comparison to a “baseline” price you select along the y-axis. To adjust the baseline price, hover over the solid horizontal line between the red and green area and drag it up or down the y-axis.

The area between the data points and the baseline is colored depending on whether the price is above or below the baseline.

• Price > baseline: green
• Price < baseline: red

A trend chart is similar to a candle chart, but with different coloring.

The candle is colored based on whether the current closing price is higher or lower than the previous closing price.

• Current closing > previous closing: bull border (green by default)
• Current closing < previous closing: bear border (red by default)
• Current closing = current opening: doji (white by default)

The candle is filled in based on whether the current closing price is higher or lower than the opening price of the interval period.

Bull border candle:

• Closing price > opening price: bull (green by default)
• Closing price < opening price: bear (red by default)

Bear border candle:

• Closing price < opening price: bear (red by default)

Doji border candle:

• Closing price < opening price: doji (white by default)

In all other instances, the candle body will be hollow.

You can draw a trend line to connect two points on the chart that represent support and resistance. If prices stay above a positively sloped trend line, the trend is considered bullish. If the trend line has a negative slope, the trend is considered bearish.

A trend channel draws an ascending or descending area on the chart using two lines. The top and bottom of these channels indicate potential areas of support or resistance. Trend channels sloping down are considered bearish, while those sloping up are considered bullish.

A ray draws an extended line in any direction from a single point. A ray helps you mark trends or project potential price movements beyond the immediate chart area.

An extended line draws a line that extends indefinitely in both directions on the chart. You can use it to create your own trend line or trend channel. This line stays visible, extending at the same angle, even if you move far into the chart's historical past or future.

An info line connects two points and displays extra information like the number of bars it spans, the time covered, the distance in pixels, and more. It's useful for getting detailed insights on specific segments of your chart.

A horizontal line marks a specific value on the price scale. It's generally used to show specific price targets and identify support and resistance levels.

A horizontal ray draws a horizontal line that extends indefinitely to the right from its starting point. It can be used to mark support and resistance levels on your chart.

A vertical line can be used to mark a point in time in the past, present, or future.

You can draw a rectangle over a specific area in a chart to draw attention to it.

You can draw an oval over a specific area in a chart to draw attention to it.

Fibonacci retracements set horizontal price lines based on the Fibonacci sequence. Each line level is associated with a Fibonacci ratio or percentage and shows how much of a previous move the price has “retraced.” A retracement is a temporary reversal in an asset’s trending price direction, and it typically happens between support and resistance levels. This is why traders use Fibonacci retracement levels to help identify an asset’s current support and resistance levels.

Like Fibonacci retracements, Fibonacci extensions set price lines based on the Fibonacci sequence. But while Fibonacci retracements track movement with an asset’s current trading range, Fibonacci extensions focus on future price movement. With Fibonacci extensions, you can select three recent prices: a notable high, a notable low, and the end of the retracement against a recent price movement. From there, you may be able to identify new support and resistance levels.

Fibonacci time extensions are drawn using three key points on the chart. These points represent significant highs or lows in the market. The tool then extends time lines into the future based on the Fibonacci sequence. They’re similar to Fibonacci extensions, but also include vertical lines. These timelines can be used to estimate when the market might reach certain price levels.

The date and price range label measures both the date/time and price intervals on a chart at the same time. It helps visualize how price changes over specific time periods.

The price range label measures how much an asset’s price has moved up or down over a certain period. To see the range, draw a box on the chart between two points.

The date range label measures the time interval between two points on a chart. It helps traders see how long it took for price changes to happen over a specific period.

Callouts allow you to write notes, which can be linked to specific elements on your chart.

Price labels mark specific price values on your chart, which help you keep track of important price points.

Similar to callouts, the text tool lets you type annotations directly onto a point in the chart, making it easy to highlight information or add notes.

The path tool allows you to trace the direction of multiple data points using an arrow line. You can click on the chart to add a new data point and add as many points as you need.

An arrow connects two points with a line that has an arrow at the end, showing direction. It's similar to the trend line but emphasizes the trend's direction.

The pencil tool lets you draw freely on your chart. It can be used for making quick notes, or marking important events.

The highlighter allows you to mark important elements, or draw freely on your chart for easy reference.

Accumulation/distribution (A/D) is a volume oscillator that helps identify whether an asset is being accumulated (i.e. being bought more) or distributed (being sold more).

A/D can help identify divergences between asset price and volume flow, which in turn helps traders identify how strong or weak a price trend is. For example, if an asset’s price is rising but the A/D is falling, it could mean there may be a price decline in the near future because the asset’s buying volume isn’t keeping pace with its price increase.

The oscillator values are calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest prices of a specified number of periods multiplied by the period's volume of ticks (TV). Here’s how A/D is calculated:

AD = TV x [(Close - Low) - (High - Close) / (High - Low)]

• TV: The number of price changes in a contract over a specific time period.
• Close: The closing price calculated for the period.
• Low: The lowest price calculated for the period.
• High: The highest price calculated for the period.

The Aroon indicator is a technical indicator that helps traders spot trends in the market. It has two parts: Aroon up and Aroon down.

• Aroon up tracks how long it's been since the highest price was reached in a given period.
• Aroon down tracks how long it's been since the lowest price was reached in that same period.

The values of these two plots help traders understand whether the market is moving upward (bullish) or downward (bearish). When Aroon up is higher than Aroon down, it suggests that prices are trending up. If Aroon down is higher, it suggests prices are trending down.

The average directional movement index (ADX) is a technical indicator that helps traders understand how strong a trend is, whether it's moving up or down. It's part of a system called the directional movement system and combines two indicators: DMI+ (which shows positive movement) and DMI- (which shows negative movement).

The ADX value ranges from 0 to 100:

• Readings below 20 suggest that the trend is weak or not strong enough to act on.
• Readings above 40 suggest a strong trend, either up or down.

The ADX helps traders decide whether it's a good time to enter or exit trades based on the strength of the current trend.

The average true range (ATR)is a technical indicator that measures how much the price of an asset is moving. This is also known as volatility. It takes into account not just the high and low prices of the day but also any gaps between the closing price of one day and the opening price of the next.

Here's how ATR is calculated:

• True range (TR): The largest value from these three calculations:
  • The difference between the current high and low.
  • The difference between the current high and the previous close.
  • The difference between the previous close and the current low.
• Average true range (ATR): The average of the True Ranges over a set period.

ATR helps traders understand how much an asset's price is likely to move. A higher ATR means more volatility, which can signal bigger price swings. A lower ATR suggests less volatility and smaller price movements.

Bollinger Bands create 2 bands around a moving average (MA). Each is usually 2 standard deviations away from the MA.

Analysts may use Bollinger Bands to help determine whether an asset is undervalued (closer to the lower band) or overvalued (closer to the upper band).

The Commodity Channel Index (CCI) is a momentum oscillator that helps traders understand how far the price of a security is from its average, which can indicate whether it's overbought or oversold.

Here's how it works:

1. Typical price (TP): This is the average of the high, low, and close prices for a given period.
2. Simple moving average (SMA): This is the average of the typical prices over a set number of periods.
3. Statistical mean: The average absolute deviation of the typical price from the SMA.

The CCI is calculated by taking the difference between the typical price and its SMA, then dividing that difference by the statistical mean of the typical price.

CCI oscillates around a zero line, with two adjustable levels to indicate overbought and oversold conditions:

• Above zero: Suggests that market momentum is strengthening.
• Below zero: Suggests that market momentum is weakening.

Traders use the CCI to spot potential buying or selling opportunities based on whether the momentum is picking up or slowing down.

A double exponential moving average (DEMA) is a smoothed moving average, and shows less lag than a traditional exponential moving average (EMA).

When an asset’s price is above the DEMA, and the DEMA is rising, it may confirm a bullish trend. Conversely, if an asset’s price is below the DEMA, and the DEMA is falling, it may confirm a bearish trend. DEMAs can be helpful for traders executing shorter-term strategies because it’s more reactive to recent data than traditional moving averages.

DEMA is calculated as the difference between the doubled value of the EMA and the moving average of the same EMA:

DEMA = 2 x EMA(n) - EMA (EMA(n))

Where n = the number of periods (length)

DEMA includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator.
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to.

Exponential moving average (EMA) is similar to the moving average (MA). Both show the average closing price over a time period. However, unlike MA, EMA places more weight on recent data. Because of this, it reacts faster to sudden price swings.

Analysts generally compare EMAs for different time periods to help determine whether price trends will continue. EMA is considered more sensitive than MA, and is generally favored among short-term analysts.

An exponential moving average envelope (EMA envelope) plots two exponential moving averages (EMAs) as upper and lower bands (envelopes) on a price chart. The bands may represent oversold (upper band) and overbought (lower band) levels. They can be shifted up and down by fixed percentage value.

Traders tend to use shorter (faster) moving averages and relatively tight envelopes. Investors often use (slower) moving averages with wider envelopes. When the price is near the upper band, it may indicate an uptrend, conversely while a price near the lower band may signal a downtrend. When price consistently touches or moves beyond the upper band, it indicates an asset may be overbought (which means there’s potential for a price reversal). And when price consistently touches or moves beyond the lower band, it indicates an asset may be oversold (which means there’s potential for an upward correction).

EMA envelope includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator.
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to.
• Percent below: The percentage the indicator will be shifted down to create the lower band.
• Percent above: The percentage the indicator will be shifted to create the upper band.

An Ichimoku Cloud is a technical indicator that gives traders a clear view of the market by showing momentum, support and resistance levels, and trends—both direction and strength. It’s like getting a full snapshot of the market with just one indicator.

An Ichimoku Cloud consists of several key lines:

• Tenkan-sen (conversion line): A 9-period moving average that’s the most responsive of all the lines. Helps with spotting short-term trends.
• Kijun-sen (base line): A 26-period moving average that shows the overall trend.
• Chikou Span (lagging line): A line that lags behind the current price, using past data from the Tenkan-sen and Kijun-sen to confirm trends.
• Senkou Span A (leading line A): A 52-period moving average that helps form the Ichimoku Cloud.
• Senkou Span B (leading line B): The closing price plotted 26 periods back. Also part of the Ichimoku Cloud.

Here’s how traders use these lines:

• When the price is above the Kijun-sen, it indicates an uptrend, and when below, it suggests a downtrend.
• A buy signal is generated when the Chikou Span crosses above the price or when the Tenkan-sen crosses above the Kijun-sen.
• A sell signal occurs when the Chikou Span crosses below the price or when the Tenkan-sen crosses below the Kijun-sen.

For stronger confirmation of a trend, traders look for both the Chikou Span and Tenkan-sen to cross in the same direction.

Keltner Channels is a technical indicator that helps traders understand market trends by showing volatility through three key lines on a chart:

1. Middle line: An exponential moving average (EMA) of the asset's price.
2. Upper band: Placed above the EMA, this line is set at a distance equal to twice the average true range (ATR).
3. Lower band: Placed below the EMA, also at a distance equal to twice the ATR.

Here's how to use them:

• When the price touches or moves above the upper band, it suggests a bullish signal, meaning the price might continue to rise.
• When the price touches or drops below the lower band, it suggests a bearish signal, meaning the price might continue to fall.

Keltner Channels help traders confirm the direction of a trend and can be a useful tool for spotting potential buying or selling opportunities. The bands expand and contract with volatility, making it easier to visualize price movements.

Momentum is a technical indicator that helps traders see how quickly the market prices are changing over a certain period. It shows whether prices are picking up speed (acceleration) or slowing down (deceleration).

The momentum indicator line moves above and below a zero line:

• Above the zero line: This indicates an uptrend, meaning prices are gaining momentum and might continue rising.
• Below the zero line: This indicates a downtrend, meaning prices are losing momentum and might continue falling.

Traders use this indicator to get a sense of the market’s strength and to spot potential shifts in trends.

The Money Flow Index (MFI) is a technical indicator that helps traders understand the flow of money into and out of an asset. It's like the relative strength index (RSI), but with a twist: it also looks at the volume of trades, not just price. The MFI gives a score between 0 and 100. If the score goes above 80, it could mean the asset is overbought. If it falls below 20, the asset might be oversold.

Moving average convergence divergence (MACD) is a momentum indicator, like RSI. It shows the difference between 2 exponential moving averages (EMAs): one short-term (the fast EMA), and one long-term (the slow EMA). This difference is plotted against a signal line, which is usually the 9-day EMA.

Analysts generally become bullish if the MACD crosses above the signal line, and bearish if it crosses below.

On-balance volume (OBV) is a technical indicator that helps you see how the trading volume of an asset can potentially predict future price movements. OBV adds up the volume on days when the asset’s price goes up and subtracts it on days when the price goes down. This running total gives you an idea of whether more people are buying or selling over time.

When OBV is on the rise, it usually means that there's strong buying interest, which can signal a continuing uptrend. On the flip side, if the OBV is dropping, it might suggest that selling pressure is increasing, which could lead to a downtrend. If OBV is flat, the market might be in a holding pattern without a clear direction.

Sometimes the asset price might move before OBV does, which can be a sign of a potential trend reversal. This often happens at the peak of a bull market or the bottom of a bear market. Keeping an eye on OBV can help traders spot these critical moments.

In short, OBV is like a sneak peek into the market's mood, showing you where the money is flowing.

• If today's close is greater than yesterday's close then OBV = yesterday's OBV + today's volume
• If today's close is less than yesterday's close then OBV = yesterday's OBV - today's volume
• If today's close is equal to yesterday's close then OBV = yesterday's OBV

Pivot points (PP) are support and resistance levels used to determine an asset’s overall trend over daily, weekly, or monthly time intervals.

Generally, trading above the pivot point on the following trading day indicates bullishness—and trading below indicates bearishness.

Pivot points includes:

• A base level called a pivot point (PP). The PP is the average of the intraday high and low and the closing price from the last trading day.
• 3 resistance levels above the PP (R1, R2, R3)
• 3 support levels below the PP (S1, S2, S3)

The levels use these calculations:

• Resistance level 3 (R1)= Previous day high + 2(Pivot - Previous day low)
• Resistance level 2 (R2) = Pivot + (Resistance level 1 - Support level 1)
• Resistance level 1 (R1) = (Pivot x 2) - Previous day low
• Pivot point (PP) = Previous day (high + low + close) / 3
• Support level 1 (S1) = (Pivot x 2) - Previous day high
• Support level 2 (S2) = Pivot - (Resistance level 1 - Support level 1)
• Support Level 3 (S3) = Previous day low - 2(Previous day high - PP)

Relative strength index (RSI) is a momentum indicator, represented as a number between 0 and 100. This means that it analyzes the rate at which prices rise and fall. Specifically, RSI uses the magnitude of recent changes in price to evaluate whether an asset is overbought or oversold. Analysts generally consider an asset overbought if its RSI is above 70, and oversold if its RSI is below 30.

The simple moving average shows the average closing price over a time period. For example, any given point on a 20-day moving average shows the average of all closing prices from the previous 20 days.

Analysts generally use SMA to smooth out price data. It can also help reduce the impact of short-term price fluctuations. By comparing MAs for different time periods, analysts may be able to identify price trends over time.

A simple moving average envelope plots two simple moving averages (SMAs) as upper and lower lines (envelopes) over a chart. The bands may represent oversold (lower band) and overbought (upper band) levels. They can be shifted up and down by fixed percentage value. Traders tend to use SMA envelope’s upper and lower bands to spot potential price reversals or corrections. When the price is near the upper band, it may indicate an uptrend, while a price near the lower band may signal a downtrend. When price consistently touches or moves beyond the upper band, it indicates an asset may be overbought (which means there’s potential for a price reversal). And when price consistently touches or moves beyond the lower band, it indicates an asset may be oversold (which means there’s potential for an upward correction).

Here’s how SMA envelope is calculated:

• SMA1 = (A1 + A2 ... + An) / n
• SMA2 = (A1 + A2 ... + An) / n

Where:

• An = The price of an asset at period n
• n = The number of total periods

SMA envelope includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to
• Percent below: The percentage the indicator will be shifted down to create the lower band
• Percent above: The percentage the indicator will be shifted to create the upper band

A smoothed moving average (SMMA) is an exponential moving average (EMA) smoothed with a longer time period. SMMA uses more data points in its calculation and may provide more precise results than a simple moving average (SMA), in part because its plot has fewer line fluctuations. It can help traders identify longer-term trends.

Here’s how SMMA is calculated:

• SMMA = [Sum^i-1 - SMMA^i-1 + Closeⁱ] / n

Where:

• Sumi-1 = The sum of the source prices over all periods
• Closei = The current closing price
• n = The number of total periods

SMMA includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to
• Percent below: The percentage the indicator will be shifted down to create the lower band
• Percent above: The percentage the indicator will be shifted to create the upper band

A smoothed moving average envelope (SMMA envelope) indicator plots two smoothed moving averages (SMMAs) as upper and lower bands (envelopes) over a price chart. The bands may represent oversold (lower band) and overbought (upper band) levels. They can be shifted up and down by a fixed percentage value.

Traders tend to use the SMMA envelope when they want to view smoother signals than a traditional SMA. When the price is near the upper band, it may indicate an uptrend, while a price near the lower band may signal a downtrend. When price consistently touches or moves beyond the upper band, it indicates an asset may be overbought (which means there’s potential for a price reversal). And when price consistently touches or moves beyond the lower band, it indicates an asset may be oversold (which means there’s potential for an upward correction).

Here’s how SMMA envelope is calculated:

• SMMA1 = [Sumi-1 - SMMAi-1 + Closei] / n
• SMMA2 = [Sumi-1 - SMMAi-1 + Closei] / n

Where:

• Sumi-1 = The sum of the source prices over all periods
• Closei = The current closing price
• n = The number of total periods

SMMA envelope includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to
• Percent below: The percentage the indicator will be shifted down to create the lower band
• Percent above: The percentage the indicator will be shifted to create the upper band

The stochastic oscillator is a technical indicator that helps traders gauge market strength by comparing a security's closing price to its price range over a specific time period.

Here’s how it works:

• %K length: This line shows the basic stochastic value and reflects the market's strength.
• %K slowing: The length of the moving average to be applied to %K
• %D length: This is a smoothed version of %K and helps filter out the noise to give clearer signals.

Both lines move between 0 and 100, and traders watch for crossovers with specific levels:

• Above 80: Indicates overbought conditions and potential sell signals.
• Below 20: Indicates oversold conditions and potential buy signals.

The stochastic oscillator’s default settings make it an average of the fast and slow stochastic oscillators. By adjusting the number of periods for %K and %D, traders can make it behave more like either the fast or slow version, depending on their needs. This flexibility allows for tailored sensitivity to market conditions.

A triangular moving average (TMA) is essentially a double-smoothed simple moving average (SMA)—but with extra weight added to the line. The extra weight is added to the central area of the moving average, which creates a triangle shape. Because it includes more lag than traditional moving averages, TMA may be helpful for traders conducting analysis on slower-moving markets.

TMA includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to

Here’s how TMA is calculated:

• TMA = (SMA1 + SMA2 + SMA3 + SMA4 + ... SMAn ) / n

Where:

• n = the period used in calculation

A triple exponential moving average (TEMA) reacts to price changes faster than a traditional SMA or EMA. With multiple EMAs, this indicator produces a smooth line and reduces lag by placing more weight on recent values.

A TEMA reduces lag even more than a double exponential moving average (DEMA). But like a DEMA, a TEMA may confirm a bullish trend when an asset’s price is above the TEMA and the TEMA is rising. Similarly, if an asset’s price is below the TEMA, it may confirm a bearish trend. Also like a DEMA, a TEMA may be helpful for traders executing shorter-term strategies because it is more reactive to recent data than traditional moving averages.

TEMA includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to

Here’s how TEMA is calculated:

• TEMA = 3 x EMA - 3 x EMA(EMA) + EMA(EMA(EMA))

A triple exponential average (TRIX) is a histogram-type oscillator that quantifies the market’s current momentum. TRIX is a moving average that has been smoothed three times with an exponential moving average (EMA). TRIX oscillates above or below the zero line where the extreme values can indicate corresponding overbought and oversold areas. When the TRIX crosses above the zero line, it may confirm a bullish signal. When it crosses below the zero line, it may confirm a bearish signal.

TRIX includes this customizable input:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator

Here’s how TRIX is calculated:

• TRIX = (EMA3(i) - EMA3(i-1)) / EMA3(i-1)
• EMA3(i) = EMA [EMA2(i) (EMA1(i))]

Where: i = the current price

Volume-weighted average price (VWAP) shows the average price over a time period, adjusting for volume. Periods with higher trading volume will impact VWAP more than periods with lower trading volume.

Analysts generally consider an asset undervalued if the price is below VWAP, and overvalued if the price is above VWAP.

A weighted moving average (WMA) is similar to a simple moving average (SMA)—but it follows prices more closely by putting more weight on recent data and less on past data. This may be helpful for traders executing a shorter-term strategy

Here’s how WMA is calculated:

• WMA = [Price1 x n + Price2 x (n - 1) + ... Pricen ] / [n x (n + 1) / 2]

Where:

• n = the time period

WMA includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to

A weighted moving average envelope (WMA envelope) plots two WMAs as upper and lower bands. The bands may represent overbought (upper band) and oversold (lower band) levels. They can be shifted up and down by fixed percentage value.

The WMA follows prices more closely than a simple moving average because it puts more weight on recent data and less on past data. This may be helpful for traders executing a shorter-term strategy. When the price is near the upper band, it may indicate an uptrend, while a price near the lower band may signal a downtrend. When the price consistently touches or moves beyond the upper band, it indicates an asset may be overbought (which means there’s potential for a price reversal). And when the price consistently touches or moves beyond the lower band, it indicates an asset may be oversold (which means there’s potential for an upward correction).

WMA envelope includes these customizable inputs:

• Length: The number of bars used to calculate the indicator
• Displace: The number of bars the indicator will be shifted to
• Percent below: The percentage the indicator will be shifted down to create the lower band
• Percent above: The percentage the indicator will be shifted to create the upper band