Options Knowledge Center

Options are a way to actively interact with stocks you’re interested in without actually trading the stocks themselves. When you trade options, you can control shares of stock without ever having to own them.

With options, an investor can magnify their potential gains or losses, relative to their initial investment. This is known as leverage. When a person buys an option, they gain exposure to the movement of a stock, and that contract represents a potential trade of 100 shares (that is, without the investor necessarily owning the underlying shares at any point in time). As a result, even small changes in a stock price—up or down—can have a dramatic effect on the value of an options position. Leverage can provide the opportunity for outsized gains, while exposing an investor to outsized losses. Leverage is part of what makes options strategies risky.

The ask price is the amount of money sellers in the market are willing to receive for an options contract. The ask price will always be higher than the bid price.

The bid price is the amount of money buyers in the market are willing to pay for an options contract. The bid price will always be lower than the ask price.

The strike price of an options contract is the price at which the options contract can be exercised.

Think of the strike price as the anchor of your contract: If you’re buying a call, your call is profitable if the value of the stock goes above the strike price (plus whatever premium you paid). If the value of the stock stays below your strike price, your options contract will expire worthless. Remember, you’re not actually buying shares of the stock unless you exercise your contract. This is because the contract gives you the option to buy the actual shares of the stock at the strike price.

Options can be tricky, so it’s important to know exactly how the actions you take will get you closer to your goal:

• Buying to open an options position means that you’re purchasing the contract. You’re the owner, and have the right to place an order to sell the contract back into the market, to exercise the contract, or let it expire.
• Selling to close a position means that you’re selling a contract that you own back into the market.
• Selling to open an options contract means that you’re selling the contract to a buyer to collect a premium. You have the obligation to make good on the contract if you’re assigned, or you could buy it back in the market.
• Buying to close an options position means that you’re buying back a contract that you sold. In this case, you cannot be assigned on the contract you initially sold.

The owner of an options contract has the right to exercise the contract, let it expire worthless, or sell it back into the market before expiration. The owner of the contract is likely to exercise the contract if it’s “in the money.” On the other hand, the person who sold the contract to collect the premium is assigned when the owner of the contract exercises it.

For more information on exercise and assignment, check out our article Exercise, assignment, and expiration.

Since the owner has the right to either exercise the contract or let it simply expire worthless, the owner pays the premium–the per-share cost for holding the contract–to the seller. As a buyer, you can think of the premium as the price to purchase the option. If you buy or sell an option before expiration, the premium is the price it trades for. You can trade the option in the market similar to how you’d trade a stock. The premium is not arbitrary, as it’s tied to the value of the contract and the underlying security. The underlying stock’s price, the underlying stock’s volatility, and the amount of time left until expiration all influence an option’s premium.

Liquidity refers to the ability for a trader to open or close an option position at a given price and time. This is based on supply and demand in the marketplace. Low liquidity can hinder or prevent a trader from being able to buy or sell a contract. For instance, if there isn’t a buyer interested in purchasing an options contract you’d like to sell at a specific price, you may not be able to sell the contract when you’d like to, which can affect your potential gains or losses.

Owners of call options generally expect the stock to increase in value, while sellers of call options generally expect the stock’s value to decrease or remain the same.

Buying a call option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy 100 shares of the underlying stock at the designated strike price. The value of a call option tends to appreciate as the value of the underlying stock increases.

Selling a call option allows you to collect the premium while obligating you to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock to the owner at the agreed-upon strike price if the owner of the contract chooses to exercise the contract.

Owners of put options generally expect the stock to decrease in value, while sellers of put options generally expect the stock’s value to increase or remain the same.

Buying a put option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock at the designated strike price. The value of a put option tends to appreciate as the value of the underlying stock decreases.

Selling a put option allows you to collect the premium, while obligating you to purchase 100 shares of the underlying stock from the owner at the agreed-upon strike price if the owner of the contract chooses to exercise the contract.

When opening a position, you can either buy a contract with the intention of exercising it when it reaches its strike price, or you can sell a contract to collect the premium and hope to not be assigned. Buying an options contract makes you the owner/holder of the contract, and in return for paying the premium, you have the right to choose to either exercise the contract, let it expire worthless, or sell it back into the market before expiration. The seller of an options contract collects the premium paid by the buyer, but is obligated to buy or sell the agreed-upon shares of the underlying stock if the owner of the contract chooses to exercise the contract.

• Buying to open a call: You expect the value of the stock to rise; you pay the premium; you have the right to buy 100 shares at the strike price if you exercise.
• Selling to open a call: You expect the value of the stock to drop or stay the same; you collect the premium; you have the obligation to sell 100 shares at the strike price if you’re assigned.
• Buying to open a put: You expect the value of the stock to drop; you pay the premium; you have the right to sell 100 shares at the strike price if you exercise.
• Selling to open a put: You expect the value of the stock to rise or stay the same; you collect the premium; you have the obligation to buy 100 shares at the strike price if you’re assigned.

The owner has the right to exercise the contract or not, whereas the seller has the obligation to make good on the contract if she’s assigned. When the owner of the contract exercises it, the seller is assigned.

The closer an option is to expiring, the less time value the option will have. The further away a contract is from its expiration date, the more potential there is for price movement, which generally would make the contract trade at a higher price.

The breakeven point of an options contract is the point at which the contract would be cost-neutral if the owner were to exercise it. It’s important to consider the premium paid for the contract in addition to the strike price when calculating the break-even point.

It’s important to also keep in mind that contracts are typically for 100-share blocks. In the above example, you’d be entitled to buy 100 shares of MEOW at the agreed-upon strike price.

Though options contracts typically represent 100 shares, the price of the option is shown on a per-share basis, which is the industry standard.

Depending on your experience and other factors, you might be eligible for different levels of options trading on Robinhood. With Level 2 approval, you’d have access to some basic strategies, such as:

• Buy Long calls and puts
• Sell Covered calls
• Sell cash-secured puts

With Level 3 approval, you’d have access to everything available with Level 2 approval and a few more advanced strategies, such as:

• Long straddles and strangles
• Call debit and credit spreads
• Condors and butterflies

For more details, check out Basics options strategies (Level 2) and Advanced options strategies (Level 3).

Note that Robinhood doesn’t allow selling uncovered options, because there's no limit to the amount of money you could lose with some strategies.